The exact cause of esophageal cancer is unknown. However, some risk factors increase the likelihood of obtaining esophageal cancer.
Research has shown that smoking and chronic alcohol consumption are known risk factors for esophageal cancer.
Risk factors for esophageal cancer
There are many risk factors for esophageal cancer, including tobacco, excessive consumption of alcohol, age, gastroesophageal reflux disorder and so on. (1-5)
Tobacco
The form of tobacco may increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
This includes smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco or tobacco use. This poses a risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
Research has shown that smoking and chronic alcohol consumption are known risk factors for esophageal cancer.
Risk factors for esophageal cancer
There are many risk factors for esophageal cancer, including tobacco, excessive consumption of alcohol, age, gastroesophageal reflux disorder and so on. (1-5)
Tobacco
The form of tobacco may increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
This includes smoking cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco or tobacco use. This poses a risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
Excessive consumption of alcohol
People who have more than 3 alcoholic drinks daily are more likely to get esophageal cancer.
In addition, heavy drinkers who smoke are at a higher risk as non-smokers.
The long-term weight of drinking causes irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining. This inflammation can eventually cause cancer.
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder
Acid reflux disorder called Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) is probably the most common predisposing factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
Bile acids from the stomach regurgitate to the lower part of the esophagus and cause constant irritation.
People who have more than 3 alcoholic drinks daily are more likely to get esophageal cancer.
In addition, heavy drinkers who smoke are at a higher risk as non-smokers.
The long-term weight of drinking causes irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining. This inflammation can eventually cause cancer.
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder
Acid reflux disorder called Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) is probably the most common predisposing factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
Bile acids from the stomach regurgitate to the lower part of the esophagus and cause constant irritation.
This leads to a thickening and cellular change beneath the esophagus called Barrett's esophagus in 10-15% of patients. Adenocarcinoma may develop in these patients.
The risk of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett metaplasia has been estimated 30-60 times higher than in the general population.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter or muscle rings the partition that the stomach of the esophagus remains tight and does not relax.
This condition causes stagnation of food in the esophagus and raises the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
The risk of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett metaplasia has been estimated 30-60 times higher than in the general population.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter or muscle rings the partition that the stomach of the esophagus remains tight and does not relax.
This condition causes stagnation of food in the esophagus and raises the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
Another risk factor for esophageal cancerOther risk factors include:
- Age - those between the ages of 45 and 70 have the highest risk of esophageal cancer
- Sex - men three to four times more likely to be affected than women. The male ratio for women is 3.4-1.
- Race - African-Americans are at a greater risk of esophageal cancer than white.
- Poor diets low in fruits and vegetables and certain vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, C, B1 or zinc can also increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
- Obesity
- Pollutant chemical exposure may also increase the risk of esophageal cancer. These include soot, metal dust particles, vehicle fumes, silica dust (from sandstone, granite, and slate) etc.
- Alkaline found in some cleansing channels etc if ingested accidentally may increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be one of the risk factors. This viral infection has been implicated in the causation of cervical cancer among women and oral cancer in general.
- Pylori experts in infections are associated with stomach cancer and may or may not be associated with esophageal cancer.
- Tylosis palmaris et plantaris is involved in esophageal cancer
Having a risk factor does not mean that a person will develop esophageal cancer. There are many people who have one or more of these risk factors but do not develop esophageal cancer.
discussed by Dr. Ananya Mandal, MD
Source: April Cashin-Garbutt, Ba Hons (Cantab)
discussed by Dr. Ananya Mandal, MD
Source: April Cashin-Garbutt, Ba Hons (Cantab)
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